California gang slang - Currently, non-violent, low-level offenders must only serve 33% of their sentence.

 
There is no uniform standard for when California public schools begin the academic year. . California gang slang

and make the street gangs in California pay a tax to operate. Blood gang language, or Blood slang, is a set of words and phrases used by members of the Bloods street gang. This comes from a basketball player with lots. If an inmate just touches (not. [2] Originally an ethnic slur, the term has been embraced by a subculture related to prison gangs and outlaw motorcycle clubs. This growth in the drugs trade and the need for expansion, reputation. In a sentence - "Wanna hit The City tomorrow?". I’m a Big Deal in California. Settlement Reached in California Class Action Suit Moves Out of SHU Those There 10 Years or Longer, Ends Solitary Purely Due to Gang Validation. Some of the slang terms for marijuana combine the geographic location with the appearance of the processed plant. Gangstalking Definition. Discover short videos related to uk slang roadman on TikTok. AFF works because it's surprisingly popular, a lot of people in Bakersfield california on it and it has over 60 million active users total. BOS stands for Brothers of the Struggle, a prison-based branch of the Gangster Disciples. For example, a Southern California. 15 thg 11, 2015. Almost everything you can imagine regarding clubs, bars, pubs and nightlife in general, you will find in LA. boob - a stupid man cake eater - a lady's man cat - a guy dewdropper - an unemployed man who spends his days sleeping egg - a man flaming youth - male equivalent of a flapper guy - a man jobbie - a man pal - a man palooka - a man who is not bright sap - a man who is not smart. It means cool, popular, or great. Considering itself an inheritor to pre-war values of democracy, personal liberty and rule of law, the NCR has developed a highly expansionist. 187 (slang) - Wikipedia 187 (slang) Section 187 (often referred to in slang simply as 187) of the California Penal Code defines the crime of murder. Homeboy Industries - 130 W Bruno St, Los Angeles, CA 90012 - (323) 526-1254 - "From tattoo removal to mental health services, our mission is to provide the vital resources needed for formerly gang-involved and previously incarcerated men and women to reclaim their identity and become contributing members of our community. Dec 24, 2020, 5:00 AM. Famous attractions in California include Yosemite, Death Valley, Sequoia, Redwood and Channel Islands National Parks, the Golden Gate Bridge, Universal Studios Theme Park and Disneyland. Their white supremacy is more often crude than sophisticated and they have a high association with traditional criminal activity, such as drugs. In culmination of this ongoing investigation, investigators made a total of 39 arrests of suspected criminal street gang members, while serving 29 residential search warrants over the last 11 months. Urban Thesaurus. Please feel free to contribute to this page, by contacting SRG Coordinator Monique Brandenburg. Those gangs - including Tango Blast, Texas Mexican Mafia, MS-13 and Barrio Azteca - have a high likelihood to engage in drug and human smuggling, violent crimes and sex trafficking. Bug: A prison staff member considered untrustworthy or unreliable. The number is commonly. 373 (2014) Riley was stopped for a traffic violation, which led to his arrest on weapons charges. Asian gangs have been in New York City since the late 1800s, with two of the original New York City Asian gangs being the On Leong Tong and the Hip Sing Tong. " Synonyms: man, guy Gnarly Another SoCal expression that is often associated with surfers, and is used to express how cool something is. the MS-13 gang originated in Los Angeles, California, where MS-13 members engaged in turf wars for the control of drug distribution locations. "It is characterized by the following types of behavior: meeting face to face, milling, movement through space as a unit, conflict, and planning. “Fucka Tooka gang, bitch, I'm 3hunna,” he chants. ” Cesar: “He had to. Statistical term referring to the proportion of ex-convicts who desist from committing a new crime following release from custody. Treatment providers are waiting for your call: Calls are forwarded to these paid advertisers (870) 515-4670. Motorcycle Club Glossary & Terminology. The meth world/dealers and gangs involved in dealing can be quite dangerous. A fairweather friend can be an example of a buster. Someone who lacks courage or is weak willed. Kaspars Grinvalds/Shutterstock. This is a good San Diego slang word to know due to the many references to "zonies'' and the "zonie factor" in newspapers and debates. California Penal Code for Murder of a Law Enforcement Officer. gang: [noun] a set of articles : outfit. Blood gang language, or Blood slang, is a set of words and phrases used by members of the Bloods street gang. "So there isn't going to be a hardcore gang unit anymore, because I guess the DA, George Gascon, finds that term offensive to the community," a prosecutor in Gascón's office told FOX 11 under. I’m gonna bail. Derived forms. Like a lot, a lot.  · [California Council on Criminal Justice/Gang Violence Suppression: "Legislative findings and declarations; 'ASAP' pilot program"] Cal. Advertisement Bay Area Slang. com Board index LOS ANGELES: Gangs /Clubs, Street Culture, History and Info Gang Questions & Info: Black Gangs / Clubs · Search . Gang, youth gang and street gang are terms widely and often interchangeably used in mainstream coverage. In culmination of this ongoing investigation, investigators made a total of 39 arrests of suspected criminal street gang members, while serving 29 residential search warrants over the last 11 months. While the use of gang slang can be an indicator of gang membership, some gang slang has. emerging “drill” sound rappers (named after a slang term for shooting someone). Beef: 1. You can stoke a fire, but you can also be stoked. Read full post. Since then, the PCC has grown to a position where it controls most of São Paulo's organized crime. News from across California from KTLA 5 News, L. Buck Rogers Time: (early to mid 20th century) A parole or release date so. It was unclear why some of the names in the system included months-old suspects, which were found during a state audit. Moe Money??? South Emerald Avenue: Gang Book: 9. A Historical-Sociological Framework for the Study of Long-Term Transformations in the Third Worldl John Foran University of California Introduction to the Problem The demise of modernization theory in the late 1960s has been confirmed by the subsequent complexities of social change throughout the Third World since - from the revolutions in Vietnam, Nicaragua and Iran, to national. Below is a list of 88 drug slang terms starting with the. 22 thg 8, 2022. If millennials had swag, Generation Z has drip. (AP) — Six people were killed and 12 wounded in Sacramento last weekend in what police say was a shootout between rival gangs as bars closed and patrons crowded in the streets. Rom wrote:The only ones on that list that are in use here are: "sweet" and "hella", and both went out of style a few years ago (but you still hear them occasionally). 1) 9th Circuit Court rules Orange County gang injunction unconstitutional & grants attorneys $3 million (pt. Named for a park on Chicago's North Side, the Simon City gang merged with the Royals gang in the 1960s. A study in Orange County, California, in which a random sample of residents were interviewed, illustrates this case (Lane and Meeker, 2000). The Fresno Bulldogs is another street gang operating in California with significant activity in urban, suburban and rural areas. The Norteños, also Norte, are affiliated with Nuestra Familia (Our Family), a coalition of traditional Latino gangs in Northern California. The Wembley Mob (a gang of bank robbers from the late 1960s and early 70s) . Term Meaning 100 PROOF The real deal; genuine. One of the most repeated Atlanta slang term is Lit. However, it became mainly Central American as it started to recruit from other ethnic groups, and it would grow to have 50,000 members in. What's a prison pocket?. 17 California Slang Terms Bail – to leave a place. Welcome to "California Slang"! We have a great selection of apparel that caters to the biker,homeboy,rockabilly fashion. Aug 12, 2016 · A Database Of Gang Members In California Included 42 Babies. Gang is a group of persons who go about together or act in concert, especially for especially for criminal or illegal purposes. However, it became mainly Central American as it started to recruit from other ethnic groups, and it would grow to have 50,000 members in. Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation.  · The 18th Street Gang is a largely Central American and Mexican street gang that was founded in Los Angeles, California during the 1960s. The 6 or The 6ix. Blood gang language, or Blood slang, is a set of words and phrases used by members of the Bloods street gang. See more ideas about gang culture, gang signs, gangsta. Example: "Ew, my Pipe's. The suspects and members of the victims’ family have a long history of gang violence but the motive for the shooting “is not exactly clear,” Boudreaux said at a news conference at the sheriff’s. You can stoke a fire, but you can also be stoked. daddy_7), JJ 👑(@mcm_jj), West Coast Greatest Voice(@westcoastgreatestvoice), YOUTUBE:whosjmar(@whosjmarr), DYLAN(@dylroband). It could also be based on the slang word crib, which means "home. Teen fucks huge dog cock tumblr. Prison Gangs & Culture. 15 thg 11, 2015. but I am as white as they come when it comes to real life. To characterize it as spoken only by gang members is erroneous. Someone that's easy to disrespect and or violate, usually do to cowardice or the desire to avoid conflict.  · California Gang Activity Laws. Buck Rogers Time: (early to mid 20th century) A parole or release date so.  · The information below has been gathered from numerous sources. A member of these gangs is a Norteño (male) or Norteña (female); based on Spanish usage. Gangland: Tango Blast, a dangerous gang from the mean streets of Houston, was profiled in this * The leader of the Big Spring West Texas Tango Blast gang was arrested on outstanding state felony The report revealed that there are as many as 100,000 gang members in Texas, and ranked the gangs in a three tier system with those that pose the. Gang violence has traditionally been considered a public safety issue, but it is also a public health problem. Frequently Asked Questions, Hiring Process at California Correctional Health Care Services. (AP) — Six people were killed and 12 wounded in Sacramento last weekend in what police say was a shootout between rival gangs as bars closed and patrons crowded in the streets. We came up with some essential California phrases and words that we use or hear often. Considering itself an inheritor to pre-war values of democracy, personal liberty and rule of law, the NCR has developed a highly expansionist. The Industry. Then you have the judge, public defender, and district attorney dealing with the offender. Everything else is apt to be passé before it gets into print. NATIONAL GANG INTELLIGENCE CENTER SUREÑOS Sureño is an umbrella term that means Southerner or Southsider in English and references a gangster style specific to those who either follow or show loyalty to the California Mexican Mafia (La EME).  · Street slang terms that have a homosexual meaning or sound homosexual in a way. Estimated to have between 800 and 1,000 members, most of whom are Caucasian males with a history of street gang activity and drug abuse, the NLR operates in correctional facilities and communities. Bloods and Crips gang slang (label names etc). Intended for use as a guide to understanding slang commonly used by gang members, this dictionary contains more than 5,400 words and phrases. "So there isn't going to be a hardcore gang unit anymore, because I guess the DA, George Gascon, finds that term offensive to the community," a prosecutor in Gascón's office told FOX 11 under. Black P. Black Disciples. Whether you're new to the Bay or the word "hella" has been a vital part of your vocabulary since birth, it's always good to brush up on the local slang. " Just last month, four such gang members were arrested in Camarillo, KABC noted. Avoid any possible miscommunications. ( KSEE/KGPE) – During Monday afternoon’s update on the six homicides in Goshen earlier this month, Tulare County Sheriff Mike Boudreaux. Sometimes, this. The number is commonly pronounced by reading the digits separately as "one-eight-seven", or "one-eighty-seven", rather than "one hundred eighty-seven". in the 70s. Roughly speaking, Generation Z encompasses anyone born in the late nineties. Slang dictionary Piru [pahy-roo] Published April 2, 2018 What does Piru mean? Among other places, Piru is a street in Compton, California where the Piru Street Boys and Westside Piru gangs originated. 2 days ago · Ask them for driving directions. You can stoke a fire, but you can also be stoked. Prison gangs. The Norteños, also Norte, are affiliated with Nuestra Familia (Our Family), a coalition of traditional Latino gangs in Northern California. The essential B's Bait - obvious or simple. ( KSEE/KGPE) – A 31-year-old man has been sentenced to a determinant term of 15 years followed by an indeterminant term of 85 years to life in prison for premeditated and. Welcome to "California Slang"! We have a great selection of apparel that caters to the biker,homeboy,rockabilly fashion.  · By editorialteam August 20, 2022 No Comments. ” —Raymond Chandler (1888–1959) “ I can’t earn my own living. 30 thg 6, 2021. @lth_channel Fighting Game Slang #1 "DP" #gaming #4u #Fgc #slang #lingo #tutorial #tutorials ♬ original sound - LTH_Channel. ALL DAY: Common term for a life sentence. Bae - A pet name that stands for Before. Whether you're new to the Bay or the word "hella" has been a vital part of your vocabulary since birth, it's always good to brush up on the local slang. To characterize it as spoken only by gang members is erroneous. The Gang Enforcement Training Center provides on-line and on-site training around the world to those who need to advance their expertise and careers in the areas of gang enforcement, extremism, biker gangs, prison gangs, hate groups, domestic and international terrorism, intelligence and much more at the international, national and local levels. 15 thg 8, 2015. 7 thg 10, 2016. As per the definition, DP stands for 'dynamic programming' and refers to . The rap group Bloods & Crips, made up of members of the two rival gangs, refer to Bompton in their lyrics on their 1993 album, Bangin' on Wax. Word is a cross between wanker and gangster. A fronted-u - stick your tongue forward as you say coool and you'll sound Californian, particularly in certain contexts. gang crime is very great in the most gang-infested communities. Robin is a mom of three and longtime journalist who previously worked for The Associated Press covering California and national politics. A tag (gang graffiti) done by a gang in their own turf serves to define a gang's turf, acting like a "no trespassing" sign to rival crews. These are the terms and slang words Gen Zers can't stop using. 4 The French Connection: Marseille, France. In a sentence - There's hella traffic on the bridge. I'm gonna bail. 459) makes it possible to access federal funding for foster care services for dependents and wards beyond their 18th birthday, which will provide them with the time and support needed to gradually become fully independent adults.  · Below, we listed 20 words that people from California say. 1) 9th Circuit Court rules Orange County gang injunction unconstitutional & grants attorneys $3 million (pt. Named for a park on Chicago's North Side, the Simon City gang merged with the Royals gang in the 1960s. Welcome to "California Slang"! We have a great selection of apparel that caters to the biker,homeboy,rockabilly fashion. Fentanyl commonly comes in the following forms: transdermal patch; dissolvable tablet; lozenge; powder; pill; Fentanyl is 50-100 times stronger than morphine. Anyone that think they're the shit and knows they're not. Famous Gangster Disciples. this bill prohibits a person who has been convicted of a felony, as specified, from regaining eligibility for peace officer employment based upon any later order of the court setting aside, vacating, withdrawing, expunging or otherwise dismissing or reversing the conviction, unless the court finds the person to be factually innocent of the crime. Starting at $28. In other words, it's like Grease versus Grease 2. 1 (Ca) Peckerwood is a term used in the Southern United States for a woodpecker which is also used as an offensive epithet toward white people, especially poor rural whites. ; In some cases, a conviction could lead to a life term in state prison. It could be anything disrespecting that more than one person agrees to do or whatever your case is. What is gang stalking Gang stalking is simply a form of community mobbing and organized stalking combined. The Industry. The rap group Bloods & Crips, made up of members of the two rival gangs, refer to Bompton in their lyrics on their 1993 album, Bangin' on Wax. The Supreme Court of California held that, for charges of gang participation and gang enhancements under California Penal Code, § subdivisions (a)and (b), respectively, which require the State to prove that gang members had previously committed two or more enumerated offenses (predicate offenses), the State may not prove the predicate offenses using the testimony of an expert. Lima Lima Mike Foxtrot. Term Meaning 100 PROOF The real deal; genuine. Participation in a criminal street gang: enhanced sentence.  · By editorialteam August 20, 2022 No Comments. One of the best lists out there. Apr 10, 2013 · Gnarley – when something is intense or scary. It was unclear why some of the names in the system included months-old suspects, which were found during a state audit. Today, with the assistance of grant funds and invaluable volunteers, CDAA's Publications Department produces topical periodicals, specialized. "B-cuzz no. 7 thg 10, 2016. California: Dream Big. These are the terms and slang words Gen Zers can't stop using. May 16, 2016 · Gorilla on Emojipedia 2. (AP) — Six people were killed and 12 wounded in Sacramento last weekend in what police say was a shootout between rival gangs as bars closed and patrons crowded in the streets. This new trend is called flocking because gang members "flock" to the. Hispanic gangs in the North Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, CA; Logan Heights in San Fernando Valley – Los Angeles. Gang, youth gang and street gang are terms widely and often interchangeably used in mainstream coverage. The Violent Gang Safe Streets Task Force is the vehicle through which all of the federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies collaboratively address the violent crime plaguing communities. 4: $26. You can use it to refer to a person or an object. Another Urban Dictionary entry suggests DP is also a hood slang phrase. Come with power — bring your gang, a gang fight. BOS stands for Brothers of the Struggle, a prison-based branch of the Gangster Disciples. Their white supremacy is more often crude than sophisticated and they have a high association with traditional criminal activity, such as drugs. Furthermore, it. See more words with the same meaning: gun, firearm. A member of these gangs is a Norteño (male) or Norteña (female); based on Spanish usage. I see so many people with spelling mistakes it makes me crazy🤣 ik theres gangs, slang etc with letters and so on. 6 Gang Rape. Kaspars Grinvalds/Shutterstock. When you use the word awesome, you're expressing that you think something is wonderful or amazing. United States Central, California Long Range Weather Forecast Helping You Avoid Bad Weather. On the subject: 11 little-known facts about Southern. apob calculator, what does it mean when a guy rubs your palm with his middle finger

" A-Game: One's best self, often in relation to a competition. . California gang slang

hauf 'n' a hauf - a measure of whisky and a half pint of beer; haver - silly talk, nonsense/gibberish (stap yer haverin'. . California gang slang party glory hole

of the origins of gang activity and to examine regional migration and cultural influences on gangs themselves. Comments and questions may be addressed to the Chief, Analysis and Production Section at. In this section I'm gonna go over some of the terminology and slang that street gangs & gang members in Southern California use on a daily basis, some of the slang will be strictly related to certain street gangs (Surenos, Crips, Bloods, Hoovers, MS13, 18th Street) and some will be universal and used by most gangs of a certain background. Gang stalking - also known as "organized stalking" - is a slang term for the set of tactics used in counterintelligence operations involving the covert surveillance and harassment of a targeted individual. (DPU) for validated prison gang associates/members wishing to disassociate themselves from criminal gang activity. gang crime is very great in the most gang-infested communities. (a) Application. Crip Clique. this bill prohibits a person who has been convicted of a felony, as specified, from regaining eligibility for peace officer employment based upon any later order of the court setting aside, vacating, withdrawing, expunging or otherwise dismissing or reversing the conviction, unless the court finds the person to be factually innocent of the crime. For example, on his 2011 track "Ronald Reagan Era (His Evils)," Kendrick. Literally hundreds of words are associated with the gang culture. 29, 2009 -- The victim of last weekend's brutal gang rape at her homecoming dance was a devout Christian who attended church three times a week and whose friends. But damn, is there something. It's informed by the weather, traffic, the entertainment industry, and surfing, . "Zonie" is used to describe the crowds of Arizonians that come to spend their summers in Southern California. Norte 3. Gangs are a continuing national problem that all elements of the public safety community must effectively manage. Feb 08, 2022 · The meaning of DP in gang slang is quite simple. Kaspars Grinvalds/Shutterstock. on Fridays. The term, sometimes used disparagingly, is derived from early Spanish and Mexican usage and denotes marginalization. A gang of Mexicans living in California in the 1940s. 187 (slang) - Wikipedia 187 (slang) Section 187 (often referred to in slang simply as 187) of the California Penal Code defines the crime of murder. When you screw up something with your group or gang. Only two suspects — both brothers wounded by gunfire — have. To be stoked is to be especially excited for something. Preferred hotel known for clean comfort, service and unbeatable value. In 1988, California passed the Stop Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act, or STEP, which forms the basis for California gang enhancements. Here’s a quick guide to some prison slang terms that are common to many California gangs: • Al Cola—Prison adjustment center, the hole. The number "187" has been used by gangs throughout the United States and . This growth in the drugs trade and the need for expansion, reputation. City of Los Angeles. “Fucka Tooka gang, bitch, I'm 3hunna,” he chants. The hophihti~ation ob ~~ime and ht~eet gang , ta~ti~h. This comes from a basketball player with lots. The U. And the feds, in their indictment . Their white supremacy is more often crude than sophisticated and they have a high association with traditional criminal activity, such as drugs. As a native of Los Angeles and the barrio, I feel obligated to correct and elaborate on some of the “gang jargon” that appeared in “L. this bill prohibits a person who has been convicted of a felony, as specified, from regaining eligibility for peace officer employment based upon any later order of the court setting aside, vacating, withdrawing, expunging or otherwise dismissing or reversing the conviction, unless the court finds the person to be factually innocent of the crime. Quarry v. The FOUR major prison gangs operating in the correctional institutions in California are the Mexican Mafia, Nuestra Familia, Black Guerilla Family and. Literally hundreds of words are associated with the gang culture. In the early 60's, as today, the young people had a different lingo and it, as today, drove our parents nuts. " These 15 and 19 year old gang members say carrying a knife is a "risk you've just got to take" because the penalty is "get killed or go to prison. See more words with the same meaning: hello and other greetings. These Asian gangs were involved in an intense battle over control of New York City's Chinatown, which lasted until the 1930s as the Great Depression, conflict. Literally hundreds of words are associated with the gang culture. Pietro S. 1920s slang was prevalent all through the decade: from gangsters to the everyday civilian, learn what was popular to say amongst each other with our list. 176 * Average Regular Gas Prices - Updated: 4:55 AM: Price Charts: Gas Price Heat Maps: This Week's Opinion Poll. As per the definition, DP stands for 'dynamic programming' and refers to . African-American gangs originated in Los Angeles in the 1920s and originally consisted of family members who collaborated in criminal activities to obtain money. Now that you know what these common Gen Z slang words mean, expand your vocabulary further by. Survival Rates. Bug juice: Intoxicants or depressant drugs. italic text, and identifies drugs and drug categories in English and foreign language derivations. But it wasn't until the outbreak of the civil rights movement in the 1960s that the term "Chicano" became popular. Search Advanced search. In some cases, youth gangs are distinguished from other types of gangs; how youth is defined may.  · May 28, 2015. Cripos — Spanish slang for Crips. Women's California Slang dresses designed and sold by independent artists. Calecia a fond name referring to the border city [[Calexico, California in the US, . Sometimes, this. The Supreme Court of California held that, for charges of gang participation and gang enhancements under California Penal Code, § subdivisions (a)and (b), respectively, which require the State to prove that gang members had previously committed two or more enumerated offenses (predicate offenses), the State may not prove the predicate offenses using the testimony of an expert. The group that one associates with while in prison (determined by gang affiliation or some other commonality like age, race, sexual identity, etc. Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation. In the San Diego area, police identified a gang-related suspect by running a.  · Getty Images Detroit slang is an ever-evolving dictionary of words and phrases with roots in regional Michigan, the Motown music scene, African-American communities and drug culture, among others. 4: $26. CGTF - Central Government Task Force.  · California law enforcement uses a gang database to track alleged gang members. Refers to the person you are talking to or talking about. ELC | English Language Center | English School. According to NGIC reporting, gang members in California are collaborating with members of rival gangs to further criminal activities such as drug distribution, . If an inmate just touches (not. However, it became mainly Central American as it started to recruit from other ethnic groups, and it would grow to have 50,000 members in. Welcome to "California Slang"! We have a great selection of apparel that caters to the biker,homeboy,rockabilly fashion. To be stoked is to be especially excited for something. A ''Downstate Norteño'' is a term describing a chicano gang member that bangs Norte 14 in Southern California. " Just last month, four such gang members were arrested in Camarillo, KABC noted. For example, "Bro, there were some killer waves this morning. Withdrawal symptoms, which occur after suddenly ceasing barbiturate use, include insomnia, restlessness and anxiety. Known as a neo-Nazi gang, it was founded by Irish. A kidney ultrasound may be used to assess the size, location, and shape of the kidneys and related structures, such as the ureters and bladder. To enhance a gangster image and establish income, members involved themselves. Teens and members of Gen Z are using a slew of new slang terms, many of which are confusing to older generations. News from across California from KTLA 5 News, L. Cripos — Spanish slang for Crips. California law defines a "criminal street gang" as a group of three or more people if the group: (1) is identified by a common name or symbol, (2) commits specified crimes as a primary activity, and (3) whose members engage or have engaged in a pattern of engaging in criminal gang activity. The NLR are a violent California-based prison gang subscribing to a white supremacist philosophy. The word was used long before the Mexican Mafia, or surenos, existed. Every font is free to download!. They are much superior than Sureños (their rivals). Search: 52 hoover crip knowledge. Increasing adult supervision of students after school. For instance, in 1992, the Los Angeles recorded about 800 homicides and more than 12,000 injuries which were related to gang activities (Tsou, 1997). ; legit, real, not fake, This is a legit opportunity to get our name . Uses in pop culture: The I'm baby meme has gone viral. Example 2: "Did you see that throw? Yeet!". When you screw up something with your group or gang. . anitta nudes